Responses of the EU feed and livestock system to shocks in trade and production

Dit rapport gaat in op de mogelijke effecten van meervoudige en/of langdurige calamiteiten die de beschikbaarheid van landbouwproducten verminderen op de Europese voedsel- en voersector in 2020

Ammoniak - emissie uit grasland

In dit verslag wordt een overzicht gegeven van de in 1986 verkregen meetresultaten betreffende ammoniakvervluchtiging uit een urineplek in een windtunnelsysteem, waarbij bemonstering geschiedde aan de uit de tunnel stromende luch

Ammonia volatilization from grazed pastures

Tijdens het weideseizoen van 1986 en van 1987 werd onder verschillende experimentele en omgevingsomstandigheden de ammoniakvervluchtiging uit urineplekken gemeten. Voor de metingen werd een windtunnelsysteem gebruikt, waarin de milieuomstandigheden vrijwel gelijk waren aan de omgevingsomstandighede

Association of current smoking with airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asymptomatic smokers

BACKGROUND: Inflammation in the airways and lung parenchyma underlies fixed airway obstruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The exact role of smoking as promoting factor of inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is not clear, partly because studies often do not distinguish between current and ex-smokers. METHODS: We investigated airway inflammation in sputum and bronchial biopsies of 34 smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (9 Global initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease stage 0, 9 stage I, 10 stage II and 6 stage III) and 26 asymptomatic smokers, and its relationship with past and present smoking habits and airway obstruction. RESULTS: Neutrophil percentage, interleukin-8 and eosinophilic-cationic-protein levels in sputum were higher in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (stage I-III) than asymptomatic smokers. Inflammatory cell numbers in bronchial biopsies were similar in both groups. Current smoking correlated positively with macrophages: in bronchial biopsies in both groups, and in sputum in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Pack-years smoking correlated positively with biopsy macrophages only in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. CONCLUSION: Inflammatory effects of current smoking may mask the underlying ongoing inflammatory process pertinent to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. This may have implications for future studies, which should avoid including mixed populations of smokers and ex-smokers

A systematic correlation between two-dimensional flow topology and the abstract statistics of turbulence

Velocity differences in the direct enstrophy cascade of two-dimensional turbulence are correlated with the underlying flow topology. The statistics of the transverse and longitudinal velocity differences are found to be governed by different structures. The wings of the transverse distribution are dominated by strong vortex centers, whereas, the tails of the longitudinal differences are dominated by saddles. Viewed in the framework of earlier theoretical work this result suggests that the transfer of enstrophy to smaller scales is accomplished in regions of the flow dominated by saddles.Comment: 4 pages, 4 figure